Laryngeal Mask Airway Placement Methods in Pediatric Care

Laryngeal Mask Airway Placement Methods in Pediatric CareLaryngeal Mask Airway Placement Comparison amid a Traditional and Alternative Methods in Pediatric Practice============================================================Emil Batarseh , MD , JBA*Zahi Majali , MD , JBABasel D.Makhamreh , MD , JBAAbstractObjectiveTo compare the quality of laryngeal fancy dress air passage placement amidst an alternative and a traditional modes in children.MethodsOur prospective ,double-blind investigation enrolled 105 children subjects , aged 3months-15 years,of both genders,ASA I(American society of anesthesiologists), and assigned for divers(prenominal) elective minor superficial operations under general halothane inhalational spontaneous laryngeal clothe airway anesthesia at Princess Haya hospital-Aqaba-Jordan,during the period July 2007-July 2008.Subjects were randomized into ii groups.Group I subjects (n=50) received laryngeal mask airway (LMA) through an alternative method,and group I I subjects (n=55) received laryngeal mask airway via the traditional method.The offspring of placement attempts and duration required for succeeder to attain a patent airway in both groups were recorded.ResultsPlacement method made no diversity of opinion in terems of origin trial success (P0.05).First trial successful placement was 85.5% and 90% in groups II and I respectively.ConclusionThe alternative placement method is an acceptable solution to the traditional method.Key wordsAnesthesiageneral,spontaneousLMAtraditional,alternativechildren.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*Corresponding author Department of anesthesia , intensive care and pain management , KHMC , capital of Jordan , JORDAN. E-mail emailprotectedyahoo.com1IntroductionUse of laryngeasl mask airway permits the maintenance of a patent airway with successful innovation rates of the LMA on the first attempt , varying between 67-92% in paediatric practice (1).Since its introduction in 19 83 by Brain,the LMA has achieved increasing popularity (2).The laryngeal mask airway has achieved a not bad(p) popularity also in pediatric anesthesia practice.The laryngeal mask airway is a novel device that fills the gap in airway management between endotracheal intubatio and the employment of face mask.The laryngeal mask airway is inserted blindly into the pharynx,forming a low pressure seal aroud the laryngeal inlet.Because the debut of the laryngeal mask airway by the meter technique is not always easy in children due to the posterior pharyngeal curvature,some different maneuvers accommodate been described to minimize this problem(3)Innserting the LMA laterally,applying the mask firmly against the hard palate,pulling the tongue forward,repositioning the head,adding or removing air to the cuff,applying continuous positive airway pressure,usig a laryngoscope and inserting the LMA like a Guedel oropharyngeal airway.The ability to maintain a patent airway and provide effective dissemination is the main neutral of pediatric anesthesiological procedures.This is achieved mainly with the use of a face mask or an endotracheal tube.Both of these devices have major limitations from a strictly anatomical point of view and require adequate operator skills.The aim of LMA was of producing an airway device that would be more pragmatical than the face mask and less invasive than the tracheal tubes.The functional ehegance of the LMA is that it forms a low pressure airtight seal against the glottis rather than plugging the pharynx,thus combining ease of insertion and adequaqte airway patency (4).Airway management is more successful with LMA technique.This is because transoral passage of instrumentation into the hypopharynx is easier than into the glottic inlet.There are four reasonsFirstly,the hypopharynx is a posterior structure and is easier to locate.Secondly,it is wider providing a bigger target.Thirdly,it is funnel-rather than tubular shaped ,so that imprecisel y positioned instrumentation will be redirected to the target and fourthly,it is better aligned with the oropharyngeal axis,making instrumentation less likely to get snagged (3).The objective of our invewstigation was to asses the effectiveness of the modified procedure in affinity to the standard procedure regarding LMA insertion.2MethodsOur prospective,double blind investigation included 105 children patients,aged 3months-15 years,ASA I,of both sexes and scheduled for miscellaneous elective minor superficial surgical procedures under general halothane inhalational spontaneous laryngeal mask airway anesthesia at Princess Haya hospital-Aqaba-Jordan,during the period July 2007-July2008,after obtaining approval from the topical anaesthetic ethics committee of the Jordanian royal medical service directorate and written informed consent from the parents..Subjects were randomly divided into two groups using squiffy envelopes.Group I children (n=50) received LMA using the modified met hod and group II children (n=55) received LMA via the standard method.The coat of the LMA utilize was indicated using the patients body weightsize 1,1.5,2,2.5 ad 3 masks for 30 kgof body w2eight ,respectively.The LMA was lubricated with saline before insertion.Induction of inhalational anesthesia was performed with 3-5%halothane mixed with70% nitrous oxidein 30%oxygen.Before insertion of the LMA ,anesthesia was maintained using 2-3%halothanne in oxygen.No muscle relaxants were used.An anesthesia technician opened the patients mouth by pulling down the jaw.Intravenous cannulation was done after child is anesthetized,ifThe standard insertion procedure was illustrated by Brain(5).The LMA was inserted with the cuff fully deflated and against the palate,then the cuff was inflated after insertion.In the modified insertion procedure,a two- leashs moderately inflated LMA (using 2,4,6,8 and 12 ml air for size 1,1.5,2,2.5 and 3 masks respectively) was inserted with its lumen facing laterall y left.While rotated clockwise 90 D,it was passed downward into position behind the larynx.Then the cuff was fully inflated. self-made insertion was clinically called for if manual ventilation with the reservoir bag was easy and the chest wall movement was smooth.The number of trials on LMA onnsertion and the duration to achieve good airway were recorded.Vital signs including heart rate and pulsation oximeter readings were recorded.In case of failed LMA insertion,endotracheal intubation was achieved.An observer blinded to the insertion procedure evaluated the two procedures.StatisticsParametric data were analyzed using Students t test.P-value3ResultsThere were no significant differences in terms of gender,age,weight,duration of anesthesia and size of the LMA.Table 1.Overall study group was 110 children patients,but 5 were excluded from the investigation ,who were ASA II and III physical status classified.Successful insertion was attained in 85.5% of subjects in group II and in 90% of patients in group I,at first trial.The two groups were comparable regarding the successful insertion rate,the number of trials at insertion(Second trialGII,4 and GI,3.P0.05.Third trialGII,3 and GI,2,P0.05) and the duration required for insertion (GII,0.4 minutes and GI,0.37 minutes,P0.05).Endotracheal intubation was achieved in 1 case in GII and in no case in GI,P0.05.In the present study,the LMA standard approach success rate was 85.5% at first trial ,increasing to 92.7% at second trial and 98.2% at deuce-ace trial.In the modified approach,the success rate was 90% at first trial but was 96% at second trial and 100% at third trial.4Table 1. Patients characteristics.5Table 2. LMA insertion comparison.6DiscussionThe LMA has become popular in pediatric aesthesia practice.Nagai S,et al showed the potency of the modifiedmethod of LMA insertion (6).LMA advantages all over conventional laryngoscope guided tracheal intubation are more rapid insertion and increased success rate.The modi fied method can be used in this investigation as an alternative procedure to the standard method of insertion.Brimacombe and Berry (7) stated that if the standard approach is used correctly,the first time success rate should be 98% in less than 20 seconds.Wakeling et al(8) demonstrated that deflating the cuff first would allow more difficult insertion due to the presentation of a softer edge to the posterior pharyngeal wall.Lopez-Gil,et al(9) used a lubricant ,whereas we moistened the LMA with saline only.He demonstrated that there was a rapid improvement in LMA skills in pediatric anesthesia practice when the standard technique was used.Gaining more experience may decrease the rate of unsuccessful insertion.Airway accidental injury was less condescend with the LMA than with ETI.This is not impress as more force is required to see the glottic inlet than the hypopharynx.Perhaps the pharyngeal/esophageal mucosa is stronger than the laryngeal/tracheal mucosa as it has evolved to acc ommodate unharmed bodies and not just passaqge of gas.This modified technique I which a two thirds inflated LMA is inserted with its lumen facing laterally forces the patients mouth to open wider and keeps the tongue from beingness pushed back into the air passage.These technical features result in easy insertion through the pharynx for inexperienced anesthesiologists.In addition,the softer edge of the partially inflated LMA protects the pharyngeal mucosae from trauma during insertion.Causes of difficulty with LMA onsertion include choice of wrong LMA size and difficulty in maneuvering through the posterior curvature of the pharynx (10).Differences in the airway anatomy and the frequent presence of tonsillar hypertrophy can complicate LMA insertion in children.Maneuvers to overcome this difficulty include increased head extension,jaw thrust maneuvers puuling the tongue forward,firm pressure on the LMA and using the index finger to guide the mask(10).Oneil et al (11) have reported an alternative method of insertion with the LMA partially inflated in children.They described change ease of insertion and explained that the softness of the inflated cuff allows for easier adaptation to the differing pharyngeal characteristics of the pediatric airway. Nevertheless,Braincompared insertion techniques concerning the mechanisms of deglutition and recommended the standard technique.Although both methods of insertion were satisfactory,partial inflation of the LMA improve the ease of insertion in children as assessed by time to insertion and success rate on the first attempt.Inflation of the cuff at the smaller size LMA after insertion often displaces the LMA and alters its position while the inflated LMA tends to insert to the proper depth and requires no further adjustment.In the standard technique,however,insertion of the LMA is not always easy.Therefore,it is sensible that anesthesiologists devise other insertion techniques.We believe that this technique is to be r ecommended in certain situations.7Trevisanuto et al (12) found that the occurrence of first time visitation decreased overtime in their study and they thought that the change represented an element of familiarization with the LMA insertion technique.The relatively small but statistically significant difference is meaningful,sice problems associated with insertion can be attributed to inadequate depth of anesthesia which may occur with prolonged placement.Our 1.8% incidence of problems that resulted in abandonment of the LMA is comparable to that reported in similar study evaluating uses of the LMA in pediatric practice(1).In ConclusionThis modified techniqueia an acceptable alternativeto the standard technique I children.Thie techniqueis likelyto allow easy insertion of the LMA for recreational anesthesiologists.Insertion of the LMA with the cuff inflated is equallysuccessfulto the standard uninflated techiquein experienced anesthesiologists.This implies that the modified inflated approach would be accepted to the general population of LMA users.8References1.Shahin NJ , Mehtab A , Hammad U , et al. 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Acta Anesthesiol scand 199640(2)201-9.8.Wakeling HG , Butler PJ , Baxter PJC.The laryngeal mask airwaya comparison between two insertion techniques.Anesth Analg 199785687-90.9.Lopez GM , Brimacombe J , Cebrian J , et al.Larygeal mask airway in pediatric practice. Anesthesiology 199684(4)807-11.10.Ghai B , Makkar JK , Bhardwai N, et al.Larygeal mask airway insertion in childrencomparison between rotational,lateral and standard techniques. Pediatric anesthesia 200818(4)308-1211.Oneill B , Templeton JJ , Caramico L, et al.The laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patientsfactors affecting ease of use during insertion and emergence. Anesth Analg 199478659-62.12.Trevisanuto D , Micaglio M , Ferrarese P , et al.The laryngeal maskairwaypotential applications in neonates. Fn.bmj.com 2008.www.archdischild.com.9