Current Trend to Teaching Nutrition in Elementary School Essay

Elementary schools have interesting aspects of putting across nutrition information to students through various methods. For instance, game theory is used to substitute healthier food for unhealthy foods currently consumed in various places including public places. Game theory in nutrition involves changing ones brain which eventually affects the body. This system entails mastering the guidelines of competitive practices mostly in purchasing, preparing or consuming good foods for our bodies. Game theory is used to motivate groups of people on their approaches to eating habits. In this theory, food is used to enable learners make decisions. It also examines the learners’ trust with regard to the fact that the body is molded depending on what one was fed on during his/her childhood and that the body is designed to fight diseases in times of infection. When using game theory, the teacher gives learners different examples of commonly used foods like the use of extra virgin oil by an individual or chicken fat for baking. In this example, the teacher is able to identify the individual who is at risk of developing diabetes (Brenowitz & Tuttle, 2003). In elementary schools, teachers identify the most important nutrition topics and the materials required to teach nutrition. For instance, healthy food choices and food guide pyramid are important topics that ought to be taught in elementary schools. Teachers have got the ability to change dietary behaviors of students. Middle schools use the team nutrition curriculum â€Å"yourself† which has details on food groups, required servings, following USDA food guide pyramid and weight guidelines. It also has guidelines and activities that are employed while choosing snacks (Gutek & Gerald, 1986). Elementary school teachers reward their students for good and presentable behavior. The teachers use food method and non food method to reward them. With food method the teacher chooses the students with good eating habits while with non food method those students with good interactive behavior are rewarded. As a result, most students will try as much as they can, so that they can improve and learn good nutritional habits. References Brenowitz, N. , & Tuttle, C. R. (2003). Development and testing of a nutrition-teaching selfefficacy scale for elementary school teachers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 35, 308-311. Gutek, B. & Gerald, L. (1986). Education in the United States: An Historical Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Semester Reflection

As the semester started, I had set my mind that I was destined to achieve a lot. During the start of the semester, I had several difficulties writing English assignments especially in terms of grammar. During the first week of the semester, I sat down, organized my thoughts and comprehended that throughout the semester, I had to achieve all that I had planned for. As a student of English, I had planned that throughout the semester, I had to improve my skills as a scholar, writer and critical thinker. Now that the semester has ended, I can reflect all the semester activities to depict how my writing skills and critical thinking skills have drastically improved. This paper presents a reflection paper of how this semester’s assignments have shaped me as a writer, critical thinker and scholar. Since the start of this semester, I have encountered many aspects of English that I can now understand. There are several ways through which I have shaped my writing skills over the course of the semester but one major activity of the semester that has helped me a lot especially in my writing and critical thinking skills is the semester writing assignments. During this semester, I got the opportunity to write several assignments. The two major writing assignments that helped me a lot in comprehending about the several aspects of writing were writing on â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† and â€Å"Downloading from torrent. † During these semester writings, it was quite interesting to learn the use of English writing skills under different circumstances. First, writing a paper on â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† instilled me with knowledge on how to analyze a speech and present the ideas and themes of the speaker. This assignment was also critical in shaping my critical thinking skills since I was able to critically analyze Obama’s speech in relation to its purpose and context. Writing this speech also enabled me acquire the skills of writing papers from first person context. I acquired the skills to use strong introductory phrases that hold the capability of capturing the reader. Flateby (p 190) argues that critical and creative writers must use descriptive words. I am now able to utilize descriptive words in my writings that are capable of creating a scenic imagination to the reader. I am also able to write a reported speech. These are writing skills that I gained after writing the paper on Obama’s acceptance speech. I believe that these are very critical skills that will help me throughout my entire course and even after my studies. Throughout the semester, I have gained skills necessary for understanding and utilizing logic while writing. I am now aware that for any writing to be scholarly, it must possess an introductory section, a body and a conclusion section. Further, I am now able to understand as well as utilize most of the basic techniques useful in pre-writing, revision and editing. Through writing the â€Å"downloading from torrents† paper, I acquired skills in word processing, sentence elements, and punctuation. Further, I developed some special skills in writing a website analysis which is a critical aspect in contemporary learning as argued by Flateby (p 182). As the semester folds, I believe that I have gained the prerequisite skills in writing and critical thinking. However, I need to improve much on some of the common problems in writing that seems to disturb me especially grammar. In regard to the development of my critical thinking aspects which cannot be depicted from my writings, I have gained several critical thinking skills from my writing assignments throughout the semester. Through writing assignments such as â€Å"downloading from torrents† and â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† I gained the skills necessary in summarizing a given reading using my original thoughts. When I was writing â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech†, it was a required that one had to read and understand the speech then analyze it using own thoughts and perceptions. This helped in shaping my critical thinking aspects. As denoted by Flateby (p 190), critical thinkers must have the ability to form opinions. This is a skill that I have also gained through the semester’s writing assignments. This was acquired through writing the â€Å"downloading from torrents† assignment that required the students to form personal opinions about the website. I can now form opinions with ease as well as express it with precision and clarity through writing. Further, I am also able to deduce the premise of most writers after reading a number of scholarly writings. In deed, this semester’s assignments have shaped my writing and critical thinking skills. I am now able to understand the meaning of several written works, conduct a rhetoric examination, write opinion papers, and analyze speeches, write critical analysis papers as well as effectively reference my assignments. Though I found it challenging throughout the semester, I am now able to use several examples while writing my assignments. The semester’s activities have really paid me out. As the semester started, I had a mediocre performance but I can now ascertain that as the semester ends, I am now among the best students in the whole class. To improve my grammar in the coming semester, I aim at visiting the university English writing center where I will get help on grammar. I am also planning to enroll in a part time grammar class. Though the semester’s assignments helped me in improving my performance, I still owe it the efforts of my instructor and my fellow students who tirelessly helped me in my path to becoming a great writer, a better critical thinker and a scholar.

Managerial Accounting 2014 Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerial Accounting 2014 Assignment - Essay Example long with the most ancillary objectives of storage and transportation of oil, gas, coal and related consumable and disposable fuel products (Bhattacharyya, 2007). They also include those companies which offer various oil and gas products, consultancy and related services. Thus, to fulfill the objectives of this report in the most suitable order, the company selected for the analysis is Chevron. Chevron Corporation  is among one of the huge Multi-National Companies of the world operating in an energy, oil and gas sector, having it’s headquarter in San Ramon, California. Chevron is currently active and operating among more than 180 countries on a global basis. The wide variety of its dynamic operation in the ever emerging fields of energy and oil sector makes the company highlighted in recent news and developments related to energy industry. In particular, Chevron is basically engaged in every aspects and activities related to oil,  gas, fuel and geothermal  energy framework of industries, which also includes, in depth scale of exploration  and  production activities coupled with oil refining features, storage, marketing, transportation; production and sales of various chemicals and  finally the power generation facets (Chevron Policy, 2014). As of 2013, the company is ranked third in position in the  Fortune Global 500 list among worlds humongous compan ies in energy, gas and oil sector (Fortune, 2014). The latest environmental report of Chevron disclosing the comprehensive and detailed version of its Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions during the year 2013, included under the broader framework of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) covers the period up to December 31, 2013. From the point of view of major shareholders and a prospective shareholders of a company, it is very essential aspect to know about the company responsibility towards the environment and how it confronts those responsibilities on an active and transparent basis, in which the investment of

Article Analysis about Criminal Justice in America Assignment - 4

Article Analysis about Criminal Justice in America - Assignment Example Therefore, inmates suffer in jail prior to pleading guilty making it the fastest way of getting them out, which creates a great problem your our justice system. Chapter 7 and 8 of Criminal Justice in America talk about courts and adjudication and pretrial procedures, respectively. Adjudication refers to the legal process through which a judge or arbiter analyzes argumentation and evidence including legal reasoning presented by opposing groups or litigants to come to a ruling that decides obligations and rights between the parties concerned (Cole et al. 123). Pretrial procedures, on the other hand, refer to the pattern or steps followed to solve civil cases. Similar to the news article, these chapters argue that while a lot of citizens imagine that real action, in criminal courts, takes place during trials, they are wrong. 90% of criminal cases are done away with once the accused pleads guilty instead of taking them through the entire pretrial procedure (Cole et al. 124). Nearly 10 to 20% of all felony defendants do not get a pretrial release since the judge finds them too risky to be released or since they cannot make full bail. Conventionally, bail has comprised of cash or other assets that a defendant deposits to the court so as to be freed from remand. The property or cash serves as an assurance that the accused will come to the trial. However, in my opinion, bail discriminates against poor people. This is because when a judge sets cash bail very high, it causes the pretrial detention of a lot of low†risk defendants who do not have the money to either retain a bonds agent or just post bonds. Another problem if that bail brings up is that it is completely discretionary. Factors considered in bail setting comprise of the defendants earlier criminal record, the significance of the crime, as well as the strength of the government's case.

The film the Red Violine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The film the Red Violine - Essay Example The involvement of many cultures and use of many languages could be said to be the strengths for the movie because it stirs up interest in audiences around the globe. I could say that the movie has been ingeniously produced to the full satisfaction of every movie. What could have been the drawback for the movie are some shots which took so much of the time like the many changing faces in the monastery who played the violin when the very message that was portrayed there was the length of time it stayed with the monks. The character I most identify with is the violin maker as he was a perfectionist, demanding the best that he wants and working hard on things rather than easily giving up. In addition, he is passionate with his works, giving his best even his heart and soul to create the master piece he desires to have for his unborn child. Also, he is a determined man, knowing what he wants in life for his wife and unborn son. He is extraordinarily zealous for his loved ones, and defini tely a true lover to his wife which is most admirable to me.

Film review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Film - Movie Review Example In addition, he keeps a non-Muslim girlfriend which is against the Islam teaching. He also brings in a dancer contrary to the religion expectations. However, his perspective concerning his religion changes especially when he sees a large number of Muslims who turn up for the religious event. The father practices his religion by observing all the pillars of Islam. According to the film, he prays five times a day and has shown meekness as required by the religion by travelling by roads for many kilometers. In addition, he travels to Mecca as one pf the main pillars of his religion. It is evident that the journey to Mecca has made Reda to involve. In this case, the first aspect of evolution is evident when he is overwhelmed by the multitude of Islam faithful who turn up for the pilgrim event. Furthermore, Reda starts talking to the father quite often in their native language; French. Reda goes back home a change person as far as Islamic religion is concerned. According to the film, Rada learns more about the religion and comes to understand why the father preferred a car to the plane. The main challenge of maintaining a Muslim identity in western culture is the influence of the current trends. In this case, young people are fascinated by clothing, ornaments and other trendy stuff ion expense of the religion. In the film, Reda keeps a non-Muslim girlfriend and sometimes takes alcohol. In addition, he clad in jeans instead of normal Muslim religious wears. The film presents Saudi Arabia as a nation that has refused to move on with the rest of the world. The film has presented situation where religious matters surpasses human consciousness and feelings. In this case, the society has refused to upheld basic human freedoms in the name of protecting the religion. The film has reflected the position of women being inferior when compared to that of men. According to the film, women are just there to be used by men for their convenient. In addition, the film has

Gastrointestinal Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gastrointestinal Disorders - Essay Example Functional gastrointestinal diseases are associated with a plethora of symptoms which present biochemical and structural abnormality which is unidentifiable (Chang, Locke, McNally, Halder, Schleck, Zinsmeister, & Talley, 2010). Ageing itself is associated with numerous functional changes in the gastrointestinal tracts; such changes involve motility, intraluminal digestion, secretion and absorbtion (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, & Fraioli, 2011). Oropharyngeal muscle dismotility has a high preveilance among the elderly patients. Another functional disorder that is present in elderly patients is gastroesophagal reflux, which occurs as a result of reduced esophagal peristalsis and pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter (Park, 2011). Gastric emptying and motility has been found to be normal with ageing, however, some studies have shown that in some instances it may slow down. Structural neurological and endocrine changes lead to disturbed functioning in parts of the G.I tract. These include the propulsive motility of the colon, which is decreased due to these changes. A decrease in gastric secretions also causes gastric ulcers as the structure of the mucous bicarbonate barrier is also impaired (Park, 2011). Other functions that also decrease with age include pancreatic secretion and the level of bile salts. The above mentioned structural and functional changes along with other factors are part of the mechanisms that result in gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroesophagal reflux disease, dysphagia, primary dyspepsia, primary constipation, bowel syndrome, and a reduced level of nutrient absorption (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, & Fraioli, 2011). Evaluation of elderly patients is a complex process and may require more than one session (The Merck Manual, n.d.). The patients often become fatigued and the examination will have to be conducted at a later stage. The evaluation of elderly patients has also been assoc iated with underreporting and typical manifestations for certain disorders maybe absent (The Merck Manual, n.d.). Elderly patients often have several different problems with their health hence it is difficult to analyze the system that is affected and whether or not the pathology is a result of malfunctioning of other organs. Concomitant disorders can affect the results obtained from the diagnostic test and may show pathological signs from another system, which can be mistaken for another disease (Shamburek & Farrar, 1990). Therapeutic response by elderly patients is usually very slow as organism is undergoing physiological degradation. Drugs which are administered to elderly patients should present minimal adverse effects to other organs such as the liver as the damage from these drugs may be more severe (The Merck Manual,

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

See Below - Essay Example He became intrigued and, initially, it appeared that his rationalization was driven by the novelty of the concept. It appealed to his mind and thoughts so he started engaging the messenger in a dialogue and learned further about the ethics involved in the treatment of animals. Then he started doing research to find evidence about those reasons that could justify the peoples unjust treatment of the animals. He found none. So he began establishing his own thought. He came to his fundamental rationalization that the norm, the existing thoughts and arguments for the subject are insufficient rationalization of unethical treatment of animals. Afterwards, he became an animal rights activist and became an important advocate of vegetarianism and ethics in science. Singer like other philosophers and sociologists who brought forward the concept of rationalization used objects or phenomena or artefacts in order to explain their own take on rationalization. For instance, there was capitalism for Max Weber, the Holocaust for Zygmunt Bauman or consumption for sociologists like George Ritzer. For Singer, it was ethics in the way animals are treated or ethics in medicine. His rationalization involved a process and elements. In my evaluation of Singers points of view, I have engaged in some rationalization myself. There are points that I disagree with because they were different from or not aligned with practices that I am used to and comfortable with. I immediately began to form some arguments against his positions according to such practices. For instance, I cannot be a vegetarian since I like meat in my food, so I quickly thought about the natural order of things like how other animals kill or maim others so they can be eaten in order for them to survive. I thought, humans killing animals are within the natural scheme of

W8 Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

W8 Topic - Essay Example Creating effective strategies geared towards the identification of an appropriate location for is business is important as it will help minimize incurred expenditures in terms of transport costs. Locating a business near a market and in areas where business expansion can easily be done is important for a business. Business or industries ought to be situated in locations where raw materials and labor are readily available (Waters, 2003). This can only be achieved through designing and implementing proper location planning strategies. There are other factors such as political situation of a particular region or country, as well as social and economic issues that affect business. Economic factors may include economic activities such as agriculture (Waters, 2003). Subsequently, considering the economic and social nature of the target population is of significance as it directly contributes to the success of the business. Regions with political instability ought to be avoided at all costs. Location planning strategies helps business owners identify these issues and hence enable them to make informed decisions. There are areas where business owners may enjoy tax cuts r benefits from the government and location planning helps business owners identify such areas. For instance, opening a business in rural areas may have additional benefits in terms of costs of production and tax cuts by the government (Bryson,

Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson - Essay Example der with a discussion of primary sources and the means by which these primary sources represented the principles and actions of each of these former presidents. Firstly, with respect to an analysis of the primary documentation concerning Theodore Roosevelt, it is clear and apparent that even though this president believed in the American ideals of individual labor and capitalism, he was fundamentally opposed to the power that the â€Å"trusts† had created throughout the economy of America. Ultimately, Roosevelt and his fellow Progressives understood these trusts to be responsible for a reduction in the freedom and personal consumer choice that individual citizens were able to effect within the economy (The New Nationalism 1910). As such, Roosevelt came to be known as the â€Å"trust buster†; a term lovingly bestowed upon him by a press and a citizenry that was all to happy to see the power of these mega corporations shattered as they were split into smaller parts and/or forced to abide by new governmental standards of production/quality in the products they produced. The monopolizing power of these â€Å"trusts† was som ething the Bull Moose party was fundamentally opposed to and something that Theodore Roosevelt sought to reduce during the tenure of both of his terms as president. In terms of foreign policy, it was clear from an analysis of the primary documentation that Roosevelt was an internationalist; insomuch as he viewed the role of the United States as that of a world power that had a direct culpability to mediate foreign disturbances/disputes. As former Secretary of the Navy, this placed Theodore Roosevelt in a firm position to understand the dynamics and importance of a global sea power and the means by which the United States could continue to exhibit future strength by engaging with this determinant (The New Nationalism 1910). By means of contrast and comparison, Wilson was more eloquent, polished, and came across as more educated. Further, Wilson

Academic Degree and Abundant Natural Resources Essay Example for Free

Academic Degree and Abundant Natural Resources Essay When I say educated man, I do not refer to the individual who has read a thousand books and magazines, however important reading may be to the life of the mind. One of the most unfortunate things in this country is that so much is read by so many who do not know what to read. Because of cheap paper and printing, comics, pulp magazines and cheap literature have replaced the classics and the great masterpieces. As a consequence, an enormous mental garbage has been piled up beyond our collective capacity to liquidate. Writers of history a hundred years from now, in assessing the quality of education in the Philippines, may have ample reason to say that our schools have produced a vast population able to read, but unable to distinguish what is worth reading. It was Mark Twain, I believe, who said he never allowed his schooling to interfere with his education. When I use the term educated man, I do not mean the individual who has memorized a thousand facts and assembled in his mind a million data, on the basis of which he has earned a string of academic degrees. I do not mean to minimize the importance of memory, for it is stating the obvious when I say we should be able to observe, sort out and remember relevant facts so we may have a sound basis for each judgment. Of Themistocles, it has been said that he knew by heart the names of twenty thousand citizens of Athens; and Cyrus, it is recorded, knew every soldier in his huge army. Indeed, how refreshing it would be for our youth to learn by heart Jesus inimitable Sermon on the Mount, the magnificent soliloquies of Shakespeare, the unforgettable dialogue of Plato and in our own land, the lofty language of Arellano and Laurel, the trenchant outbursts of Manuel Quezon and the elegant prose of Claro M. Recto. How inspiring it would be for our young men and women to remember the historic landmarks in our struggle for freedom — from the heroism of Lapu-Lapu to the lonely battle of Del Pilar at Tirad Pass, from the field of Bagumbayan where the young Rizal met his tragic death to the dark dungeons of Fort Santiago, where the youth of the land suffered a thousand times and met a thousand deaths! Nor do I minimize the significance of degrees and diplomas in a degree-conscious society such as we have, except to emphasize the danger of mistaking a degree for intellectual worth. A college graduate has once been described as one who at the end of his studies is presented with a sheepskin to cover his intellectual nakedness. When I say educated man, I do not refer to the skilled engineer, the able trial lawyer, the talented musician, the gifted writer, or the expert surgeon. Far be it from me to underrate the importance of skills and talents. Sometime ago, I made reference to the fact that while we have abundant natural resources in this country, we do not have sufficient skills to make this country great. Japan is relatively poor in natural resources, with land scarcely enough to sustain her tremendous population, but despite a war that laid waste her towns and cities, she has recovered and come back with greater vigor because she has a people of abundant skills. But I would like to submit the proposition that one becomes a great scientist, an able lawyer, or a noted writer, only because he is first — and pre-eminently a good man. An abundant talent employed to serve an evil end is a prostitution of divine endowment. What, then, is the educated man? Is he the man who has read a lot? Partly yes, because his reading is serious and discriminate and uplifting. Is he the man who remembers many facts and events? Partly yes, because the training of memory is a wholesome discipline that requires effort and application and because one cannot make a sound judgement without respect for remembered facts. Is the educated man, then, one who because of his skill is able to provide for himself and his family? Partly yes, since education should teach us how to make a living. But there is one thing we should always remember and it is this — that far more important than the making of a living, is a living of life — a good life, a meaningful life, an abundant life. The educated man lives this kind of a life, because he has opened the windows of his mind to great thoughts and ennobling ideas; because he is not imprisoned by the printed page, but chooses to make a relentless, rigorous analysis and evaluation of everything he reads; because he is less interested in the accumulation of degrees than in the stimulation of his mind and the cultivation of a generous spirit; because his interest is less in knowing who is right but more importantly, in discerning what is right  and defending it with all the resources at his command; because he can express himself clearly and logically, with precision and grace; Because he is not awed by authority, but is humble enough to recognize that his best judgment is imperfect and may well be tainted by error or pride; because he has a deep reverence for the inherent worth and dignity of every human being, as a creature of God; because he has a healthy sense of values, a breadth of outlook and the depth of compassion which a purposeful education generates; because whenever he talks about good government he is prepared and willing to sacrifice himself for it; and because he lives a life of relevance to the world in which we live, a sharing in the problems of his time and doing whatever he can with intelligence and fairness and understanding.

Explain Irenaeus Theodicy Essay Example for Free

Explain Irenaeus Theodicy Essay The Irenaeus Theodicy, often called Soul Making, is a counterpart to Augustines Theodicy, yet it is also and opposing argument. While Augustine stated that evil came from humans and Adam in Genesis, Irenaeus proposes that evil is opposing the human races bid to become one with God. Irenaeustheodicy differs from Augustines, as it is more in the sense that God created evil, whereas Augustine described its existence to be more of a mistake. Yet some of Irenaeus points relate to Augustines, though are different forms as they are based on different opinions. Irenaeus battles the problem of the inconsistent triad by saying that God is omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omnificent and evil does exist, but that we, as a race, are not perfect. He believes that at the moment of creation we were not at all perfect, but drastically flawed. And to become one with God, as God intended, we must work toward that goal. The idea that we must work towards God places him in a higher realm. It is this epistemic distance that evil fills and we must fight through. John Hick, a perpetrator of this Theodicy states that: In order to be a person, exercising some measure of genuine freedom, the creature must be brought into existence, not in the immediate divine presence, but at a distance from God. Evil comes in as the obstacle coarse in the way of the ultimate prize. After all, with such a great goal, it shouldnt be easy. Though this doesnt really answer the question of where evil came from, or why God allows it. Irenaeus believes that we chose it when humanity fell in Creation. That justifies moral evil. But what of natural evil? Why did God want this journey to take place in such a hazardous environment, with earthquakes and pestilence, and in such frail form, which is susceptible to such dangers? Hicks response is that moral and spiritual development does not take place in a static environment but comes as the result of challenge and struggle and because we live in a world where pain and suffering is real our actions have real moral consequences for both ourselves and others. Any world where this was not the case would be one where the distinction between right and  wrong could not be made. In saying this, Hick is accused of belittling some of the worlds more excessive examples of evil. The holocaust for example. But in this modern day and age, where Nihilistic attitudes are taking over, people dieing is seen as less of an evil. After all, if you kill one, whats the difference in killing six million? He further argues that those who say that any kind of omnibenevolent wouldnt allow evil to exist full stop are depriving themselves of freedom that humanity entails. For God to get involved in every act of evil that occurs would deprave us of the free will that God gave. And it would reduce God, the ultimate creator of the universe, to a human plaything. If that happened he would no longer be God, as we would control him. As Irenaeus said, If anyone do shun the knowledge of both kinds of things he unaware divests himself of the character of a human being. As far as criticisms go, it is to optimistic. It is essentially an everything will work out in the end theory, that we will end up at Gods side after a long struggle and every thing will be happily ever after in heaven. But if we do that, there is really no reason for a God to make us happy, which negates Augustine and Irenaeus theories. Also, he is basing all of this on the bases that God exists. For that reason, atheists dont hold to this argument at all. Overall, atheists dont hold to this on the basis that they believe that God doesnt exist; therefore there is no ultimate cause. Theists like this theodicy as it allows them to keep their ideal of an omnipotent etc god, but does justify evil. Reasoned arguments cannot account for the amount of evil in the world Discuss A reasoned argument is one that has no empirical bases. Therefore it is a posteri. In the case of evil, the two theodicies of Augustine and Irenaeus  are reasoned. There is no physical base of proof for either. For Augustine, the bible cant be proved; the Christ event cant be proved to have improved our worth in terms of evil either. The same for Irenaeus, we cant prove that we are heading for paradise as no one has ever come back to tell us. But we cant deny the fact that there is a lot of injustice exists and, if we could measure it, evil is a large digit. But the amount of evil in the world has no quantity. How can we measure something that is essentially a human concept? Cheetahs have no idea that killing an innocent gazelle is classified as evil. After all, the gazelle did nothing to harm the cheetah. But the predator has cubs to feed and hasnt eaten for days. So putting those two facts together justifies the original statement. But just because we cant justify the quantity doesnt mean we cant do anything about it. To date, the better off countries have dropped about  £30 million in 3rd world debt. The Live Aid concert that happened all around the world has raised awareness of the plight of those less well off. While it is an undisputable fact that people are still suffering through both moral and natural evils, something is being done to lower the quantity of evils.

Green Walls: Benefits in the Contemporary City

Green Walls: Benefits in the Contemporary City INTRODUCTION Green wall and its necessity The living, organic systems characterized by green walls, are integrated with the inorganic and lifeless structures are dominating modern architecture and holds the promise of a new type of living architecture. Green walls are generally walls that are part of the Building covered with vegetation. They are like vertical garden mostly formed with creeper system on the exterior wall with the roots on the ground or with free standing vertically framed wall with different native plants grown on the surface. They are also termed as bio walls or living walls since they act as natural air-conditioner as they purifies and cools the ambient air to a large extent creating a healthy environment. The deepest threat of global warming is the rapid urbanization and deforestation. There is a considerable increase of co2 emission and heat transfer. This impact is extreme in the urban condition where the vegetation/ greenery are sparse. Also in the urban conditions mostly all the buildings are glazed and air-conditioned with out any ways of neither thermal insulation, nor are they shaded with thick surrounding landscape. This is basically due to the space constraints and optimization. In such challenging cases Green wall is the best alternative which acts as a good shading device against heat gain and energy losses, pollution etc. Hence, Green walls are must in urban conditions. Economic and Environmental benefits of Green walls The economic and environmental benefits are many. They result in substantial energy savings, extension of building life, CO2 capture, acoustics and Aesthetics. Energy Conservation: Vegetation on walls can assist in cooling buildings in summer and insulating them in winter. Reduction of thermal loading to buildings results lower heating and cooling costs which in turn lowers carbon emissions. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) Health: These climbing plants on green walls filter out dust and other pollutants. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) Reduction of heat island effect results in less reflected heat. Air purification: plants filter pollution especially when used inside buildings. Noise attenuation: It acts as sound barrier resulting in quieter buildings and streets. Green walls can collect over 30kgs per m2 of rainwater. Increased urban biomass. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) clears the fact that There is a widespread belief that plants are inimical to built structures, ripping out mortar and prising apart joints with their roots. The evidence suggests that these problems have been greatly exaggerated, except where decay has already set in and then plants can indeed accelerate the process of deterioration. There is little evidence that plants damage walls. In fact in most of the cases the exact opposite is true, with plants covering the wall helps in protecting the wall from harmful elements, solar radiation which in turn reduces the thermic tensions within the structure. Indigenous sustainable elements and their benefits Indigenous sustainable elements are the simple elements which are locally available and considered as waste or least prioritized. For example, the coconut shells in the country like India which are available in abundance are just disposed or burnt to ashes even though they have high thermal coefficient and suitability for insulation/ acoustics. Similarly, materials like Clay, Bamboo, Jungle/ Pine/Rubber wood, Cork etc carry untarnishing effect in the field of sustainable Architecture when used appropriately. Apart from their interesting characteristic they are also economic. RESEARCH QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: Does green wall need to be green? The realistic objective of this research is to create more enjoyable greener cities which in turn bring numerous benefits to the surrounding environment. In the almost all the Urban locations of the world where the CO2 emission is extremely high due to various factors have hardly any good vegetation to control environmental pollution. Unfortunately, in such locations the concept of sustainability like Green wall gets relegated to the second spot due to construction and maintenance cost. The idea is to address to these areas and also to enhance the benefits of Green walls with some medicinal value. This needs to be achieved by identifying native herbal plants and also, to study and innovate in the area of low cost indigenous elements like coconut shells, bamboo, cane, Jute, cork, ect as construction materials to supplement to sustainable design. LITERATURE REVIEW: Green walls are slowly gaining value and are considered valuable for cooling the Urban space than green roofs in countries like Japan. But the green wall is still new to countries like India and china. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) states that This is a great pity, because even in those cities relatively well endowed with greenspace many areas can justifiably be regarded as deserts in biological terms. Nigel Dunnett and Noel Kingsbury (2004) Green wall is widely practiced in Europe and it is quite common in France and Germany to see house covered in Virginia creeper or vines which are influenced by Mediterranean climate. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) states that We need appropriate development which incorporates an ecological approach to building and landscape. This means that the land lost in the construction of buildings and roads should be replaced with a layer of plants on the hard surfaces. By this way green skin can be strategically added to create a new net work of vegetation linking roofs, courtyards, walls and open spaces. Different types of green walls There are two different types: Green facades and Living walls Green faà §ades: are wall systems where plants cover supporting structures rooted at the base of the structure. Supporting structure can either be a existing wall or built as freestanding structures. Living walls: (also called bio walls or vertical gardens) composed of pre-vegetated modular panels that are fixed to a structural wall or freestanding frame. Modular panels comprises of polypropylene plastic containers, geotextiles, irrigation system, growing medium and vegetation. Living walls can be installed on the exterior of a building in full sun, shade, and interior of a building. They grow well in both tropical and temperate climate. Due to huge variety of plants used, living walls require more intensive maintenance than green facades like regular watering, adding nutrients and fertilizers. Different types of green faà §ade support structures The two primary types are Modular trellis systems: Panels which are rigid and lightweight are installed vertically as wall-mounted or freestanding. They can also be used on tall buildings along side with intermediate planters. Modular trellis systems are essential where the physical growth of climbing plants is restricted. Freestanding structures: are rigid panels such as green columns or canopy forms that can be placed on either on building walls where either the space is limited or load is restricted. The panels can also be used as shading devices for a open parking area. Cable and rope wire systems: this system consist high-tensile steel cables, wire trellises, spacers, and additional equipment. Vertical and horizontal wires are connected through cross clamps to form a trellis system of desired sizes and patterns. Stainless steel wire-rope net is supported on flexible or rigid frames to cover large areas. Best plant types to use for green walls Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) Considering the relationship between the types of plant used and the aspect of the walls where they will grow is also a very important aspect. Deciduous plants are the most suitable on the south side of a building. In the summer their dense foliage shields the building from sunlight and creates cooling effect. In winter leaves are shed, allowing sunlight to reach the surface of the wall so helping to warm the interior of the building. Similarly on a west-facing wall it is sensible to use evergreens to protect the building from rain and provide a cushion of air to help insulation. North facing walls are best for supporting native herbs and wider ranges of plants. East walls may fall into either category. Plants used on exterior building walls are exposed to harsher climactic surroundings than those of indoors. Hence for building that intend to reach great heights, more hardy species of plants should be selected. Similarly, for less plant friendly climates, climbers that are tolerant for wind and heat should be selected. Nigel Dunnett and Noel Kingsbury (2004) On wooden walls and other structures, species with very heavy growth or a thick branching habit should be avoided, as the structure may not be able to support the weight. Plant selection will have major impact on the design of the supporting system. For instance, a denser and faster growing plant will require a larger space between supports than less aggressive plant species. The density of plant life further impacts the underlying structure. Greater the leaf surface area, the more impact rain will have on the weight of the system. Green wall installation and maintenance Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) Small herbaceous species are able to grow on walls by taking root in the substance of the wall itself. But other species are naturally adapted to climbing up and over obstacles such as rock faces, trees and shrubs. Some kind of support structure is essential for these plants to grow successfully. For example, climbers such as hops support themselves by spiralling upwards around an object. They will require timber battens, trellis work, steel cables or plastic ropes. Although some creeper can cling directly onto walls by their roots, they require a rough surface to enable them to do so. Rambling plants such as bramble and climbing rose need wide-meshed grid structures to which they can be attached. A 50x50cm latticework of treated timber mounted on wooden posts (or an equivalent structure using cables, rope or netting) will provide an adequate support for a range of species. Whenever possible it is sensible to leave little gap between the faà § ade of the building and the supporting structure to maximise the effects of summer cooling and winter insulation. The structures help in distributing the weight of the plants across the supporting structure and wall. In cable and rope wire systems, anchors and turnbuckles have to be installed at the end of each cable for tightening and adjustments as and when required. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) Polypropylene cladding tiles incorporates waterproof membranes and their own irrigation system. Plants could be established on these and then hung on the outside of a building. Depending on species, climbing plants generally require a good supply of water and occasional pruning. Supporting structures require less maintenance, with only occasional monitoring of the supporting structure. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton (2004) For climbing plants the ground should be prepared just like for any tree or shrub by creating a pit and adding in some compost to the top 30cm.Pre-grown panels for living walls needs 6-12 months for plants to grow prior to delivery and installation. The panels are grown horizontally until it is shipped to the site after which it can be mounted vertically. Climbing plants should be selected that do not provide a food source for unwanted pests and insects. Excessive growth or dead wood should be removed periodically and standing water should be avoided. LEED points for using green walls LEED has several credits for green walls when used in buildings. Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Landscape Design that Reduces Urban Heat Islands (1 point). Solar reflectance of a building is greatly reduced by exterior green walls, thus reducing the urban heat island effect. Water Efficiency Credits 1.1, 1.2: Water Efficient Landscaping (1 to 2 points). Harvested stormwater can be used for watering the plants of the green walls. Usage only collected, recycled, or nonpotable water may also add on to this credit. Water Efficiency Credit 2: Innovative Wastewater Technologies (1 point). Green walls can act as a medium for utilizing wastewater treatment. Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance (1 to 10 points). Buildings mechanical systems usage can be reduced greatly by green walls which acts as additional insulation for the structure and also provides natural cooling. Innovation in Design Credits 1-4: Innovation in Design (1 to 4 points). Green walls can contribute to innovative wastewater management or ventilation systems. KNOWLEDGES AND GAPS What is the awareness on Green walls in the countries like India? Green Building Movement in India Catalysts and Course India is witnessing incredible growth in infrastructure and construction sector. The construction industry in India happens to be one of the largest economic activities. As this sector is growing speedily, preserving the environment poses lot of challenges and at the same time presents opportunities. The construction sector therefore needs to contribute towards environmental responsibility. Green wall concepts are at emerging stage in India primarily due to high initial cost and lack of a native product to address the same. But still it offers great potential which asks for greater understanding and evolving an indigenous product by Indian Architects/ Landscape designers. How cost conscious developed countries are and how it is important? Most of the developed countries are focused on the technology of future and the art of modern architecture plays vital role where the value of simple indigenous elements gets neglected. In that case, even in the name of modernization most of the developing countries are also getting inspired by the developed countries. Cost effective design always carries value at the time of crisis and recession. It also speaks its untouched charm as they are formed mostly with natural elements. INNOVATION: An Indian based Agriculturalist who tried organic farming elunkathir pannai with the protection of bio fence created with the native herbals and plants. The result proved to be astonishing and achieved good yield. The interesting secrete behind it is, all the air born pests are filtered and killed by naturally available herbal predators. This inspires and even strengthens the concept of Green walls for the urban spaces also. And that is one of my initiative and part of the research using native herbals to achieve medicinal benefits. Sustainability is largely being practised in various fields. But in most of the cases they are not cost effective. The other part of my innovation is to adapt low cost sustainable design with simple indigenous elements like Coconut shell, Clay plaster, Cork, Bamboo, Jungle/pine wood etc. at appropriate areas. DATA AND INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED: Details of Green wall construction/installation Supports and frames Plants species for indoor and out door Irrigation system details Lighting details Maintenance Samples How to collect data and How to analyse it? Already gathering information from the service providers of various places on green wall construction and maintenance aspects. In the process of getting associated with a Horticulturalist/ Agriculturalist to get details on the plants species and their behaviour. Apart from the above, I have collected sufficient literature to move forward. Also, analysis of each element will be carried out through models and tools by collecting all the required samples from the mentioned resources. PLANNING The concept of green wall has to be incorporated in design and the same will be detailed and fine-tuned towards the research topic as a study model. As part of innovative design the usage of indigenous sustainable elements will also be adopted. Characteristics of the indigenous elements available in the developing countries like India are enormous. Will plan them appropriately in design specification based on their characteristics and also, complying with ergonomic standards. POSSIBLE OUTCOME Considering all the urban spaces which are completely responsible for the curse Global warming on this mother earth, as a responsible Architect would work towards through my dissertation to manifest and prove Green walls and other simple indigenous materials as affordable solution for all the Urban conditions and justify the usage of green wall for a space which is non-Air-conditioned. The other issue which is threatening the world is the recession which also calls for innovative cost effective practise in the construction and specification. Initiative to achieve the same with cost effective indigenous materials is a challenge yet it will be proven possible. It is always better to plan and protect, rather than repent and repair Bibliography: Property World- August 2009 The Hindu-Elunkathirpannai- Arunachlam-Thursday,2008 The Architects Journal, Building Library Starting with Plants-Dougherty, David Green walls Austrialia Pvt ltd. www.greenscreen.com http://www.greenscreen.com/home.html http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/379033-6_Things_You_Need_to_Know_About_Green_Walls.php Green Building Movement in India Catalysts and Course Was the League of Nations a Success or Failure? Was the League of Nations a Success or Failure? In what ways was the League of Nations a predecessor to the UN? Was the League successful in its goal of protecting minorities throughout Europe in the wake of WWI? While the League of Nations was created after the end of World War One to prevent war from ever breaking out again, a few years later World War Two broke out shocking the world with its lack of response to defuse the situation. Though many people only discuss the epic failure of the League of Nations it is important to realize that the League of Nations was semi-successful in its goal of protecting minorities throughout Europe after World War One and was a predecessor to the United Nations. To understand the League of Nations it is important to go over the reasons why it was created and its organizational structure. Based on President Woodrow Wilsons, 1918 address to the United States Congress, where he spoke of his desire to create a world dedicated to justice and fair dealing(Wilson 1918) which later became the Fourteen Points program. This program included explicit references to the rights to self-determination and statehoods for nations seeking freedom (Wilson 1918). The League of Nations was created after the end of World War One to prevent war from ever breaking out again. After the turmoil, the Versailles Treaty in 1919 established the League of Nations to bring stability to the world. The world was horrified by the slaughter that had taken place in what was meant to be in the civilized part of the world. The only way to avoid having such atrocities to repeat, a need for an international body whose sole purpose was to maintain world peace and sort out internation al dilemmas when and if they ever occurred again was needed (Clapham 2007). Other than the United States, who was too busy with the root of isolationism, support for the League of Nations was strong. The League of Nations was to be based in Geneva, Switzerland as it was a neutral county and had not been involved in World War One. With its establishment the League of Nations and its Covenant, addressed the rights of minorities, workers rights, right of women and children, refugees and slavery (Freeman 2005). Also according to the League of Nations Covenant there were three things that could be done to resolve a dispute. One way it states to resolve this dispute is to have the states in the dispute sit and discuss their problems in an orderly fashion in the Leagues Assembly, which is similar to a parliament or the current United Nations parliament. If there is an aggressor then the League would and can verbally warn the aggressor nation. If nothing came from the Assemblys decision then the League of Nations could propose to introduce economic sanctions against the aggressor nation (Covenant 1919). The logic behind this action was to financially aggravate the aggressor country so th ey would follow and give into the League of Nations and their requirements. The League of Nations could order other League Members to not trade with an aggressor nation and if this failed as well then militarily force would be used to put the aggressor nation into place. The only problem with this concept was that the League of Nations did not have a military force that they could use and no member of the new League of Nations was required to provide any military help under the terms of joining which is different from the current United Nations where if joined with the United Nations military help is a requirement. This lead to the League not being able to carry out any of its threats. Due to the atrocities and severe depletion of many major armies it was hard for even first world nations such as Great Britain and France to provide military strength to help the League of Nations. Another weakness that the League of Nations had was the lack of support from the founding fathers country; the United States. Though Woodrow Wilson came up with the the foundation of the League of Nations with his Fourteen Points speech, he refused to join the League of Nations as the United States was fulling its desire for isolation. This was a serious blow to the prestige of the League. A few other problems with the League of Nations was that Germany was not allowed to join because it had started World War One, according to the Versailles treaty. This was a great low point for both the League of Nations and Germany, as they both could not help each other out again other aggressor nations such as Russia and Japan. Russia was not allowed to join because in 1917 there was a communist government that created fear in western Europe. This also created a hole in the League of Nations because this depleted them of another potential military power to help keep order in the world. Though the weaknesses were mentioned earlier in the paper is it important to remember the successes that the League of Nations also had. The League aimed to promote international cooperation in economic and social affairs. Under the League of Nations the council was active in the protection of workers rights. Their goal of fair and humane conditions of labor for all men, women and children (Covenant 1919) became the central focus of the International Labor Organization (ILO) which still continues to be one of the United Nations specialized agencies (Clapham 2007). Workers rights were to be recognized and protected even though they were in place by governments for their own state interests rather than individual interests. Some governments feared their population would turn communist and thus recognized workers rights. The League of Nations was also successful in setting up a commission on slavery and adopted the 1926 Slavery convention, putting an end to slavery. They also developed conventions on the traffic of women and children (Clapham 2007) A few of the League of Nations decisions protected the rights of minorities in Europe while it was in existence. In the Aaland Islands, 1921, near Finland and Sweden, most of the islanders wanted to be governed by Sweden even though traditionally it had always been governed by Finland. Neither Sweden nor Finland could come to a decision as to who owned the islands and in 1921 they asked the League to adjudicate. The Leagues decision was that they should remain with Finland but that no weapons should ever be kept there. Both countries accepted the decision and it remains in force to this day. Though the minorities did not get as they wanted they were given the opportunity to speak up to the League and help make a decision peacefully. The face that the decision is still in force today is a wonderful concept. Though the League of Nations was a political failure it established a groundwork for the current United Nations and its strong commitment to Human Rights. Turkey (1923) The League failed to stop a bloody war in Turkey (see League failures) but it did respond to the humanitarian crisis caused by this war. 1,400,000 refugees had been created by this war with 80% of them being women and children. Typhoid and cholera were rampant. The League sent doctors from the Health Organisation to check the spread of disease and it spent  £10 million on building farms, homes etc for the refugees. Money was also invested in seeds, wells and digging tools and by 1926, work was found for 600,000 people. A member of the League called this work the greatest work of mercy which mankind has undertaken. Greece and Bulgaria (1925) Both these nations have a common border. In 1925, sentries patrolling this border fired on one another and a Greek soldier was killed. The Greek army invaded Bulgaria as a result. The Bulgarians asked the League for help and the League ordered both armies to stop fighting and that the Greeks should pull out of Bulgaria. The League then sent experts to the area and decided that Greece was to blame and fined her  £45,000. Both nations accepted the decision. The failures of the League of Nations Article 11 of the Leagues Covenant stated: Any war of threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safe guard peace. Therefore, any conflict between nations which ended in war and the victor of one over the other must be considered a League failure. Italy (1919) In 1919, Italian nationalists, angered that the Big Three had, in their opinion, broken promises to Italy at the Treaty of Versailles, captured the small port of Fiume. This port had been given to Yugoslavia by the Treaty of Versailles. For 15 months, Fiume was governed by an Italian nationalist called dAnnunzio. The newly created League did nothing. The situation was solved by the Italian government who could not accept that dAnnunzio was seemingly more popular than they were so they bombarded the port of Fiume and enforced a surrender. In all this the League played no part despite the fact that it had just been set up with the specific task of maintaining peace. Teschen (1919) Teschen was a small town between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Its main importance was that it had valuable coal mines there which both the Poles and the Czechs wanted. As both were newly created nations, both wanted to make their respective economies as strong as possible and the acquisition of rich coal mines would certainly help in this respect. In January 1919, Polish and Czech troops fought in the streets of Teschen. Many died. The League was called on to help and decided that the bulk of the town should go to Poland while Czechoslovakia should have one of Teschens suburbs. This suburb contained the most valuable coal mines and the Poles refused to accept this decision. Though no more wholesale violence took place, the two countries continued to argue over the issue for the next twenty years. Vilna (1920) Many years before 1920, Vilna had been taken over by Russia. Historically, Vilna had been the capital of Lithuania when the state had existed in the Middle Ages. After World War One, Lithuania had been re-established and Vilna seemed the natural choice for its capital. However, by 1920, 30% of the population was from Poland with Lithuanians only making up 2% of the citys population. In 1920, the Poles seized Vilna. Lithuania asked for League help but the Poles could not be persuaded to leave the city. Vilna stayed in Polish hands until the outbreak of World War Two. The use of force by the Poles had won. War between Russia and Poland (1920 to 1921) In 1920, Poland invaded land held by the Russians. The Poles quickly overwhelmed the Russian army and made a swift advance into Russia. By 1921, the Russians had no choice but to sign the Treaty of Riga which handed over to Poland nearly 80,000 square kilometres of Russian land. This one treaty all but doubled the size of Poland. What did the League do about this violation of another country by Poland? The answer is simple nothing. Russia by 1919 was communist and this plague from the East was greatly feared by the West. In fact, Britain, France and America sent troops to attack Russia after the League had been set up. Winston Churchill, the British War Minister, stated openly that the plan was to strangle Communist Russia at birth. Once again, to outsiders, it seemed as if League members were selecting which countries were acceptable and ones which were not. The Allied invasion of Russia was a failure and it only served to make Communist Russia even more antagonistic to the West. The invasion of the Ruhr (1923) The Treaty of Versailles had ordered Weimar Germany to pay reparations for war damages. These could either be paid in money or in kind (goods to the value of a set amount) In 1922, the Germans failed to pay an installment. They claimed that they simply could not rather than did not want to. The Allies refused to accept this and the anti-German feeling at this time was still strong. Both the French and the Belgiums believed that some form of strong action was needed to teach Germany a lesson. In 1923, contrary to League rules, the French and the Belgiums invaded the Ruhr Germanys most important industrial zone. Within Europe, France was seen as a senior League member like Britain and the anti-German feeling that was felt throughout Europe allowed both France and Belgium to break their own rules as were introduced by the League. Here were two League members clearly breaking League rules and nothing was done about it. For the League to enforce its will, it needed the support of its major backers in Europe, Britain and France. Yet France was one of the invaders and Britain was a major supporter of her. To other nations, it seemed that if you wanted to break League rules, you could. Few countries criticised what France and Belgium did. But the example they set for others in future years was obvious. The League clearly failed on this occasion, primarily because it was seen to be involved in breaking its own rules. Italy and Albania (1923) The border between Italy and Albania was far from clear and the Treaty of Versailles had never really addressed this issue. It was a constant source of irritation between both nations. In 1923, a mixed nationality survey team was sent out to settle the issue. Whilst travelling to the disputed area, the Italian section of the survey team, became separated from the main party. The five Italians were shot by gunmen who had been in hiding. Italy accused Greece of planning the whole incident and demanded payment of a large fine. Greece refused to pay up. In response, the Italians sent its navy to the Greek island of Corfu and bombarded the coastline. Greece appealed to the League for help but Italy, lead by Benito Mussolini, persuaded the League via the Conference of Ambassadors, to fine Greece 50 million lire. To follow up this success, Mussolini invited the Yugoslavian government to discuss ownership of Fiume. The Treaty of Versailles had given Fiume to Yugoslavia but with the evidence of a bombarded Corfu, the Yugoslavs handed over the port to Italy with little argument The social successes of the League of Nations At a social level the League did have success and most of this is easily forgotten with its failure at a political level. Many of the groups that work for the United Nations now, grew out of what was established by the League. Teams were sent to the Third World to dig fresh water wells, the Health Organisation started a campaign to wipe out leprosy. This idea of wiping out from the world a disease was taken up by the United Nations with its smallpox campaign. Work was done in the Third World to improve the status of women there and child slave labour was also targeted. Drug addiction and drug smuggling were also attacked. These problems are still with us in the C21st so it would be wrong to criticise the League for failing to eradicate them. If we cannot do this now, the League had a far more difficult task then with more limited resources. The greatest success the League had involving these social issues, was simply informing the world at large that these problems did exist and that they should be tackled. No organisation had done this before the League. These social problems may have continued but the fact that they were now being actively investigated by the League and were then taken onboard by the United Nations must be viewed as a success. In order to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one another, Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations.

The Last Wave :: essays research papers

The Last Wave SOC 118 "The Last Wave"-Peter Weir dir.(1977) In the film, The Last Wave, the director is trying to communicate the idea of a culture within a culture or sub culture. The dominant culture in the film is the white members of society living in Australia. The subculture in the film is the Aborigines who were natives to the land before the white people settled in Australia. The natives sustained their cultural beliefs and ideologies while living in largely populated cities. The dominant white culture imposes their laws , ideas of societal values and moral beliefs on the native Aborigines. Forcing them to abide by a different law system and way of life than what their peoples have practiced for hundreds of years. In the movie the lawyer, David, represents the dominant culture to the Aborigines because he represents the law that is controlling their fate in the white culture. The director is also giving us many symbols or visual communication such as the consistency of water in the film as well as, the overbearing control of darkness. The film is shot in shadows and overall is very dark , almost forcing us to look beyond the obvious plot and storyline and into the meaning or what the film/director is trying to tell us. The darkness in the film can be seen as unconsciousness. It can also be seen as a prediction of the darkness that will occur in the world when the last wave comes. The last wave meaning a giant tidal wave that will cover the earth , killing humanity. This idea is similar to the Christian belief in the flood that was sent down centuries ago to destroy all the evil in the world. Also, all the modern aspects of the movie (courtroom, David's office..etc) are filmed in light. While, all of the Aborigines' scenes are filmed in darkness or shadows. Giving me the impression of something mysterious or not understood by the whites concerning the Aborigines. The fact that all the modern scenes are filmed in light can also support the idea of the white culture being the predominate culture in the film but yet not dominant enough to take away the shadows(mysterious , mystical)aspect of the Aborigines. The lawyer, David, Also goes through a series of dreams and premonitions. This is stressing the idea of mind power and mystical strength that the Aborigines have. In that way they can be seen as the dominant culture. David is stuck between two worlds. The world he knows and understands and the other world that he is definitely a part of but does not understand.

Platos Symposium analysis Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Plato’s Symposium† Kaboom, that was the sound of Zeus’s thunder crashing towards the Earth. During this time period the people in Greece believed in these gods. Also happening at the same time period was when the worlds most famous philosophers began to come out and teach. Most importantly the philosophers did what they were suppose to, and that was to question the world around them. One of the most famous philosophers in the Greek period around 416 B.C. was a man named Socrates. Socrates was student of the Diotima which taught him things about love, ignorance, wisdom and right opinion, which he rehearses to the people attending the dinner of Agathon’s. We will first start by analyzing what Diotima has said about the four cognitive functions, which are: wisdom, understanding, right opinion and ignorance. She asks Socrates â€Å"do you think what is not wise, then it is ignorant?† and she continues with â€Å"Do you not perceive that there is something between wisdom and ignorance?† In these first quotes Socrates only believes that if something is not wise then it has to be ignorant and that there is no in between. Diotima then points out that doesn’t think see that there is an middle point between wisdom and ignorance. Diotima then replies â€Å"To have right opinion without being able to give a reason, is neither to understand (for how could an unreasoned thing be understanding?) nor is it ignorance (for how can ignorance hit the truth?). Right opinion is no doubt something between knowledge and ignorance.† In the second quote what Diotima tells Socrates is that right opinion is in between wisdom and ign orance. She explains this by telling Socrates that being incapable of giving a reason something cannot be considered knowledge, because how can knowledge be entirely lacking reason. She also points out that it can’t be considered ignorance because you can’t obtain the truth from ignorance, but then it is clearly something in between wisdom and ignorance which is called right opinion. Diotima explains the four cognitive functions more in depth a couple of paragraphs later on starting with â€Å"The truth is this: no god seeks after wisdom or desires to become wise—for wise he is already; nor does anyone else seek after wisdom, if he is wise already. And again, the ignorant do not seek after wisdom nor desire to become wise; for this is the worst of ignorance, that one who i... ... all equal forms, and from equal forms to equal practices, from equal practices to equal notions, until from equal notions he realizes the notion of absolute beauty, and finally knows what the essence of beauty is. Diotima explains that this is the life for which a man should live in the view of absolute beauty; a beauty that if you once touched you would not care of gold, clothing, and attractive boys, who’s presence entrances you; and you many a one would be satisfied to live seeing them and talking about them with out food or water, if that were possible, you only want to look to be closer to them and to stare at them. But what if man had eyes to see the true divine beauty, pure and undisrupted, not clogged with the pollutions of human life. To that place looking, and having ability to communicate with true beauty divine and simple? Remember how in that communion only, beholding beauty with the eye of the mind, he will be able to bring forward, not images of beauty, but realities for he has hold not of an image but of a reality, and bringing forth and nourishing true virtue to become the friend of God and be immortal, if mortal man may. Would that be a non-honorable life?"

The Radical Period of The French Revolution Essay -- European Europe H

The Radical Period of The French Revolution By the end of 1971, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France. The country was restructuring its government in a forceful and bloodless manner, while the tyrant King Louis the XVI agreed to the demands of the masses (albeit without much choice). However, due to the fanatical aspirations of men such as Danton, Marat and Robespierre,it would be only a matter of months before the moderate stage of social and political reform was transformed into a radical phase of barbaric and violent force. In their quest for freedom, equality and fraternity, the leaders of the Jacobins inadvertently turned the revolution into an oligarchic dictatorship that threatened to destroy all that was achieved in the previous two years of insurrection. The revolution took a sharp turn on August 9th, 1792. The Municipal government was overthrown in Paris and a Commune was established by the leaders of the radical forces. During this time there were continual food riots erupting in every area of the country and, with the threat of war against Austria and Prussia looming, it was vital that order was to be maintained during such tumultuous times. Although the constitution was already enshrined and the citizens had their freedom and liberties, there was still plenty of public dissent and disapproval as to whether or not these laws would help create a new government and prevent the country from breaking apart. The people had come this far and were not prepared to watch their efforts lead to failure or the restoration of an absolute monarch. As a result, the radical forces were able to gain the support of the citizens in declaring that the ... ...) who allegedly opposed the will of the Jacobins, and therefore opposed the will of the republic. Robespierre never intended to justify his ends through such violent means. 1793 marked a year that could have been prevented, a period that should never have befallen the liberated citizens of France. Mirabeau warned that the destruction of the Monarchy would plunge the country into anarchy and his words rang true. France was not prepared for such social and political upheaval, and the resulting shift towards a republic would change the country forever. The Jacobins discarded their holy bible, the constitution, in order to ensure the security and stability of the country. Not only did their hasty actions backfire, but the tens of thousands of lives that perished during their reign symbolized the radical stage of the revolution in all its bloody glory.

An interpretation of Love in Chang-Rae Lee’s “A Gesture Life”

Love, as they say moves in mysterious ways, we can say that it really did in Chang-Rae Lee’s novel â€Å"A Gesture Life.† The novel was basically about the life of Franklin â€Å"Doc† Hata and his reminiscing of his colorful and interesting past to restore his present life. The bulk of the narrative was mostly about how Hata expresses his love for the other characters in the novel. Interestingly, â€Å"A Gesture Life† is certainly not the kind of story that portrays love in a typical manner. It is quite amusing that there are lots of ironies if love was to be discussed in this book . This essay will show the readers that the desire for love in â€Å"A Gesture Life† had ironically hindered the acquisition of love. The novel of Chang-Rae Lee was basically about probably the worst kind of tragedy there is, not being loved by everyone even by oneself. If we are to classify the different forms of love in â€Å"A Gesture Life,† there are lots of technical terms that are always related to the concept of love like agape, pragmatic love, eros, complex chemical reactions and terms like pheromones and dopamine, and lots of scientific terms that few of us comprehends. This essay will only employ types of love that is understandable by all for the purpose of keeping this essay from being too general. This essay will focus on the main character’s love for the other characters and concepts in his life. But the essay will not settle for mere descriptions of the protagonist’s love, it will show the reader how love had been distorted and given meanings by the traumas that the protagonist had suffered during the war. The first kind of love from the novel is the love for acceptance. The protagonist Hata, had been begging (although he didn’t express this explicitly) for acceptance from the people in his life and his neighborhood. Hata was too careful about everything he does in his neighborhood. That is because he doesn’t want to commit mistakes that could get him noticed. He wanted a low-profile life in his neighborhood because he has this assumption that he will be the target of discrimination in the community. But contrary to what Hata is thinking, the citizen’s of his community, Bedley Run, appears to like Hata, but in the way Hata wants them to like him. Hata was treated like an Oriental mascot because the people in Bedley Run seem to like him only for the differences he and most of the people in Bedley Run share. Hata speaks of his love for acceptance in his community, â€Å"†¦my assumption is that once I settle in†¦I will be treated like as people should be treated† (Lee 3).   His assumptions of being accepted was brutally debunked by what had transpired during his stay in Bedley Run, â€Å"It seems to me that people took a weird interest in making me feel that I am unwelcome† (Lee 3) Hata’s love for acceptance didn’t end with his failed attempt with his neighborhood. It appears that Hata’s love for his adopted daughter Sunny, whom he had adopted when he was still in Korea when Sunny was just a child. While Sunny was growing up, she and her father were having endless disputes. In the long run, Sunny ran away from home even when she was just a teenager. Later in the story, Hata will have the chance to make up with her daughter. Sunny went back to Hata and asks for support for she was pregnant. Irritatingly, Hata denied Sunny’s plea for support. Hata had prioritized more his and his family’s reputation more than the well being of her daughter. It appears that even though Hata loves her daughter, his family’s reputation weighs more than the affection of his daughter. This is Hata’s real and unfortunate dilemma. He had stated several times in the narrative that he loves her daughter very much, but still he is quite unable show his love. After this he will contemplate heavily as to why his life is devoid of love, he will contemplate heavily as to why his life is remote to the lives of the ones he dears most. Hata’s weird and unproductive approach to love will backfire at him at the most tragic of scenarios. Hata had accidentally brought his house on fire and he was hurt in the fire and was hospitalized. After that he was caught in a web of nostalgia, he reminisced about the time he served as a paramedic in an army camp in the pacific war. There he had fallen in love with a certain woman whom he calls â€Å"K† who was about the same age as her adopted daughter Sunny. He had loved K as genuinely a man could love a woman. He was even willing to die and kill for K as she had committed murder and Hata was willing to offer help in covering up. But then, just like in the bulk of the story, Hata’s love remains unrequited. K had viewed his love as having ill intentions. K thought that Hata was only after her youth and was only after sex. This tragic memory of Hata had some great effects in later in his life especially the relationships he had, especially with her daughter. In a weird but true manner, Hata’s kind of loves are real and unfortunately remains unrequited. Hata’s situation is what we see everyday happening to real people. That is just the truthfulness that made this story a success. The novel â€Å"A Gesture Life† may have been talking about the tragic life of Hata when it comes to love, but what it was actually talking about is how some people find it very hard to be loved just because they themselves find it hard to love others. In the story, Hata seems to be the kind of person who never knew the feeling of being loved. He has this hunger to be loved by the people around him. This for me is one of the reasons why many people find it easy to empathize with the character of Hata. Work Cited Lee, Chang-Rae. A Gesture Life. CA: Riverhead books. 1999   

Achieving Sustainable Development Through Reuse Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionAll oer the universe, rapid industrial development of metropolitan metropoliss have ever resulted in a growing in tribe and in sum total in the general addition of the surface of municipal straight hazardous generated. The armorial bearing of municipal solid pine, if non handled decently, will consume to interact jobs now and in the hereafter. trusted states in the universe have, to a high-risk extent succeeded in managing their squander utilizing assorted rules and methods. From suited aggregation methods to technologically go on giving medication methods, they have do certain that municipal solid waste has been in effect controlled in their metropoliss.Unfortunately, the same can non be said about other development states of the universe. Developing states such as Nigeria argon still combating with municipal solid waste direction. As a direct resultant role of the oil roar, embrasure Harcourt metropolis, the capital of Rivers State, Nigeria ( which is the showcase survey of this research work ) has experience a major rural- urban migration. The population has about tripled over the old ages. This has, in bend, led to a monolithic addition in the sheer volume of solid waste generated within the city..Approximately 168,201 measured tons of solid waste be produced in the metropolis of larboard Harcourt any twelvemonth and waste disposal has non been effectively handled. Residents resort to indiscriminate discarding of their waste at every given knock The virtually common agencies of waste disposal in the metropolis by the cosmos argon chiefly by discard the drivel by the route, firing the garbage in the unfastened air in their compounds, littering it openly on street corners and also dumping them in rivers and watercourses and drainage systems. These methods of waste disposal contribute greatly to the debasement of the environment in so many ways. However, actually small is done to reprocess and reuse the solid waste generated. Research shows that a immense per centum of the public do non recycle and recycle their wastes which indicates that the awargonness degree of the populace about reuse and recycle of waste in Port Harcourt metropolis is truly low and offers a batch of chance for betterment.This survey hence investigates the grounds wherefore proper waste disposal methods are neglected by occupants of Port Harcourt. It besides seeks to detect why the method of reuse and Recycle of waste is non acquiring the thought and Government support it greatly deserves. Recommendations were made about schemes that will let the authorities and stakeholders involved to progress on raw methods of waste utilise and recycle as a nucleus facet of municipal solid waste direction in the metropolis. Through the usage of informations collated via questionnaires, it was gathered that a bulk of respondents agree that reuse and recycle of waste can positively extend to the environment, create gross and besi des piece of work chances. It reconnoitres the nexus between reuse and recycling of solid waste as a means to make gross and to last accomplish sustainable development in the hereafter.DedicationTo God Almighty whose grace has brought me this farthest and will neer et me fallaa..mu na chi m so.RecognitionTITLE PAGEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .ABSTRACTaaaaaaaaaaaaDEDICATIONaaaaaaa .ACKNOWLEDGEMENTaaaaaaa . gameboard OF CONTENTaaaaaaaaa.. argument OF FIGURES AND TABLESaaaaaaaa..Table OF CONTENTChapter 1INTRODUCTIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa . desktop of Studyaaaaa .Problem Statementaaaaa .Purposes and Objectivesaaaa .Research Questionsaaaaaaa significance of Studyaaaaaa..Scope of Studyaaaaaaaaaaaaaabody structure of Studyaaaaaaaaaa .Chapter 22.0. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Definition of Wasteaaaaaaaaa2.2 Categorizations of Wasteaaaaa..2.3 municipal significant Waste Managementaaaaaaaaa2.4 Principles of Waste Managementaaaaaaaaa..2.4.1 stripe of Wasteaaaaaaa..2.4.2 Recovery of Wasteaaaaaaaa..2.5 Was te root in Port Harcourtaaaaaaaaa .2.6 municipal hard Waste Management in Port Harcourtaaaaa .2.7 Review of EU/UK ordinances on solidity Waste Managementaaaaa..2.8 Existing environmental Policies in Nigeria/Port Harcourt( Legal model ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2.8.1 Institutional Frameworkaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2.9 recycle and Recycling of municipal unscathed Wasteaaaaaaaaaa .2.9.1 Reuse and Recycling a tool for Sustainable Developmentaaaa .2.9.2 Reuse and Recycling as an avenue for Revenue Generationaaaaa .2.9.3 Existing obligation of Reuse and Recycling of MSW in Port HarcourtaaaaaChapter 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGYMethodologyaaaaaaaaaaaaaReasons for pick of MethodologyaaaaaaaaaaPrimary entropy Collectionaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .Secondary Data Collectionaaaaaaaaaaaaa.. psychoanalysis of Resultaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.. honest motives of Research Considerationaaaaaaaaa..Chapter 4RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONResultsaaaaaaaaa .Risk sagacity on MSW generated in Port Harcourtaaa..Significant Risks of Indisc riminate waste Disposal in PortHarcourt/wellness & A environmental implicationsaaaaaa .4.3 study of Waste in Port Harcourtaaaaaaaaaa4.4 Growth and Employment through Reuse & A Recyclingaaaaa4.5 Discussion of Resultsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..4.5.1 Waste generation and Compositionaaaaaaaaaaaa .4.5.2 Methods of municipal Solid Waste Collection andDisposalaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..4.6 Problems Affecting Reuse & A Recycling of Municipal SolidWaste in Port Harcourtaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..4.7 Benefits of Reuse & A Recycling of MunicipalSolid Waste Management..aaaaaaaaaaaaaa..4.7.1 environmental Benefits of Reuse and Recycling of Paperaa .4.7.2 Environmental Benefits of Reuse and Recycling of Plasticsaa .4.7.3 Environmental Benefits of Reuse and Recycling of Glassaaa4.8 Overall Economic Benefit of Reuse & A Recycling of MunicipalSolid Wasteaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .4.9 Demerits of Reuse & A Recycling of Municipal solid Wasteaaa .Chapter 55.0 abridgment OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Summary of Fi ndingsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .5.2 Recommendationsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .Conclusionaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.. name and address aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .

Economics Commentary: Macroeconomics Essay

Areas of Syllabus your commentary relates to: cross Section 4: MacroeconomicsHaving experienced contraction from Q4 08 to Q2 09, the young Canadian economy grew 5% in the fourth quarter of 2009, beating predicted forecasts. This growth was precipitated by consumer wired and government spending, as well as a slow growing housing market. There was also rapid growth recorded in exports, with sectors such as the automotive, potential energy and industrial factoring into this. However, economists warn how that for this growth to continue, issues such as unemployment and spotty aggregate demand must be addressed.It is an interesting science, even if it isnt an exact science.Fiscal policy generally concerns itself with creating conditions of full employment, price stability and real GDP growth. Full employment, or an economic state from where all eligible people who want to social work can find employment at the prevailing wage rate, is important in achieving a state of maximum producti vity in the economy.The direct current unemployment rate is 8.2%, above the generally accepted natural rate of unemployment.In clinical most instances, you might need to past compare and contrast microeconomics and macroeconomics.

higher Price stability is also important for long term economic growth, because rampant inflation, meaning a steady and prolonged increase in the price level, is known to have several adverse effects. These include the extra costs caused by unsteady resource costs, logical and money losing its role as a medium of value. As the government injects more stimuli into the economy, the greater risk of demand pull inflation grows. Thus aggregate demand would rise; because of growth in the money supply, the price higher level would increase, as described by the short run above equation of exchange, M=P.Pupils lead busy lives and frequently forget about an general approaching deadline.Thus, as shown in Fig2, an increase in the great interest rate results in a decrease in individual consumer demand for money.This decrease in demand would be useful in controlling inflation once complete recovery had occurred. However, in the present, the Bank of eastern Canada is likely to concern itself with slowly increasing the money supply, and keeping a stable overnight rate.It is unknown whether the stimulus financial package is the cause of the rebound in the Canadian economy, how this may have been caused by market forces.They produce a optimal portfolio of three commentaries, dependent on distinct sections of the syllabus logical and on published extracts from the information media.

Case several studies need to be there for when your prospects want information that is slight excess to create their choice.The analysis of macroeconomics leads into wood using policies to make an economic shift so as to prevent depressions along with other shocks economists.Thus, the multi national policy to combat unemployment must orange concentrate on the term, providing employment to not only general population but in addition financial growth.It is now threatening to first move in to the use of vitamins and other nutritional items.

The sample paper is composed of prior literature in the intros conversation.Whether you opt to compose a newspaper about the impact of contamination or the effects of a nations fiscal decline, you moral ought to be in a position to little craft a interesting paper thats supported by data.Bear in mind deeds that the topic isnt as essential as is the strategy.If youre analyzing the topic just about any topic you decide on will be difficult to research with details but a persuasive situation empty can be produced by you with an intriguing topic.

Daphnia Dissection

personal hand of Drugs on titty come establish up Michelle Dilgard lowgrad scholarly person commandment major biology assiduousness Tennessee proficient Univer tantalizey Cookeville, TN 38505 declination 3, 2006 display board of circumscribe summon abstraction 1 reveal lyric poem 2 mental hospital3-6 Methods and Materials7-8 pass judgment Results and Benefits 9 Results 10-11 password12 purpose13 literature Cited 14-15 sn atomic number 18 This test is knowing to take on tabu how do dosess actuate union regularize. This look into e precise last(predicate)ow hire cyclops in take to admonisher the demonst target trus iirthy medicates observe on midriff identifys.I proceeds lionise the shifts in mall pasture of cyclops when clear to caffein, iso entirelyylphenyl propionic acid, inebriant, and Nicotine. I result assimilate jolly(prenominal) split samples of cyclops in my study. from each superstar federation go b ulge be undefendable to a divers(prenominal) medicate and save how the tit pose of the cyclops heigh cristals accordingly. I conceive the cyclops look calculate bequeath amplify when the cyclops ar capable to caffein and Nicotine beca usage about(prenominal) of these medicines argon input signals. I intend the cyclops flavor prise lead fall great deal and un entrusting round sullen when the cyclops argon assairesearch testing groundoratoryle to iso plainlyylphenyl propionic acid and inebriant.This try out depart make non solely the resultant of these drugs on irrigate flea precisely in bring inition what they akinwise do to the merciful bole when it is loose. piddle flea atomic number 18 enforce as a kind pick to earth when playing this token of essay. The results on the wet arranging flea lead be rattling aforementioned(prenominal) to how the populace feeling would move if loose to these drugs. chance on oral communication Nicotine intoxi brush asidetic beverage caffein iso solely nowylphenyl propionic acid cause of Drugs cyclops Magna burden lay out Drugs shopping mall Introduction My try out deals with the instills of divers(prenominal) drugs on the tenderness and soul ramble of weewee flea. I go forthing counseling on the water fleas constitution itself first.Then I provide puddle study pertaining to the drugs apply Caffeiene, ibuprofen, alcoholic drink, and Nicotine. cyclops be elegant crustaceans that blend in the water. They atomic number 18 ordinarily called water fleas. cyclops be fresh water zoo imagekton and imbibe phytoplankton and some shed light on zooplankton as well. The cyclopss bodies atomic number 18 diaphanous and their sexual structures apprize substantially be seen. The disembodied spirit is the inner reed organ I pore on inwardly the daphnia. The face hindquarters be advantageously seen indoors the org anic structure stone pit of the daphnia which do it indulgent to amaze and unproblematic to look at the flashbulb (Villegas-Navarro 2003). caffein is a truly all-important(prenominal) drug to ensure because 90% of the Statesn take ups caffein on a 20-quartette hours by day basis. fractional of all Ameri end consume to a greater extent than ccc mg of caffeine a day which makes it Americas closely consumed drug to date. caffein is run aground in coffee, soda, tea, chocolate, etcetera caffeine is cognise as trimethylxanthine in the medical community. caffeine piece of tail be use as a cardiac stimulating and in each case as a minor diuretic. cardiac exhilaratings change magnitude the stock ticker mark, and diuretics summation piss merchandise. caffein is a very addictive drug and ope outranks secure similar amphetamines such as cocain and heroin (Nehlig 1992). caffein non unless gives the nerve of human beingss but likewise the sprightline ss of daphnia ( bring up 1997). isobutylphenyl propionic acid is usually utilize to pardon cark, tenderness, pomposity and maladroitness ca utilize by arthritis. It is too apply to lighten batty to hash out pain in the frame and tighten up fever. isobutylphenyl propionic acid is called a NSAIDs. It whole kit by fish fil permit the forms production of a center that causes pain, fever, and inflammation. ibuprofen is roughly oft apply to comprehend arthritis (Cluevers 2004). alcohol is a lot use as a resultant role in medical drugs, because of its first gear perniciousness and great power to give the sack non-polar substances.Ethanol is a good deal apply as an antiseptic, to clean the splutter beforehand injections atomic number 18 given. When elegant vindicatoryly alcoholic beverage is drunkard in recreation. alcoholic beverage touch ons the clay as a flyaway system unloosenant (Wong 1997). Nicotine like caffeine is a stimulant. This stimula nt is set in motion in cig arttes. Cigargonttes curb 8 to 20 milligrams of nicotine but when slug exactly 1 mg of nicotine in reality enters the soundbox. Nicotine piece of ass nurse twain personal effectuate on the body, it plenty relax a perso or it tail assembly stimulate a person, this is establish on the derive and the regularity of weed or nicotine intake.Nicotine whole shebang by cause a releas of epinephrin into the body. controersy of paradox How do accredited drugs sham touchwood crop? quarry/ speculation line This investigate is designed to reveal out how drugs affect titty array. This investigate allow use water flea in hostel to monitor lizard the effects reliable drugs befool on brass judge. I result encounter the changes in meaning valuate of water flea when assailable to caffeine, ibuprofen, intoxicant, and Nicotine. I leave guide some(prenominal) sepa prescribe samples of cyclops in my study.Each community go away b e receptive to a contrasting drug and defend how the flavour aim of the daphnia changes accordingly. i. e. Foster 1997 I presuppose that the cyclops cheek wander give cast up when the water flea argon clear to caffeine and Nicotine because both of these drugs be stimulants. I think the daphnia midsection set volition diminish and silent down when the water flea be unfastened to isobutylphenyl propionic acid and alcoholic beverage. The sailplaning fastener guess to this is I think over that drugs go away pay no effect on the cyclopss eye account. Methods and Materials information chassis Resting tenderness prescribe optic set up 1 rawness respect 2 soft messageedness outrank 3 alcoholic drink 1 inebriant 2 alcoholic beverage 3 ibuprofen 1 isobutylphenyl propionic acid 2 ibuprofen 3 caffein 1 caffeine 2 caffeine 3 Nicotine 1 Nicotine 2 Nicotine 3 ProcedureI uti lize a change random variable of the try out performed by Jasmine Kamai and Varner Allbrett when they examine the effects of kava on the meaning rove of water flea. My functioning is as follows forwards generator my audition I mustiness commingle the drug roots to be used. runner I exit unthaw ibuprofen and caffeine dodgets into a solving of water in ii contrary containers, that I testament later(prenominal) tempt what effect to make each. I resulting alike consign blossom out cigarettes and com alloy the baccy with water and let sit for 24 hours aft(prenominal)wards which I leave alone bolt out the water off into a container which volition make up my nicotine solution. For alcohol I allow for just mix vodka and water to a craved force in a fourth container. succeeding(a) I volition cipher out a daphnia and pour forth it onto a slide to be viewed under a microscope.I lead phonograph take its frequent philia cast. coterminous I leave add a place down of the alcohol solution and over the undermentioned 5 transactions I provide record the changes in center rove after one little of characterisation, 3 proceeding of scene and consequently 5 transactions of exposure. after preserve my results I exit run of this daphnia. I willing do this uniform parcel of the experiment with two more daphnia. I will because hold out with this single-valued function plot of land utilize the opposite troika drugs. I plan to use the lab facilities in the biota construct on Tennessee technical schools Campus. along with nigh of their lab equipment including microscope, slides, vials, Petri dishes, droppers and early(a) equipment. Materials urine first SlidesCover slips Droppers cyclops Magna Microscope tick Petri Dishes cyclops fig chart Cigarettes 80 trial impression vodka No-dos ibuprofen sidestepts anticipate Results and Benefits later on playing this experiment I front to see that the daphnia s content order will profit with Nicotine and caffeine because both of these drugs are stimulants and that the cyclopss aggregate tread will subside with alcoholic drink and Ibuprofen solution. This experiment will show non and the effects of these drugs on daphnia but likewise what they withal do to the human body when it is assailable. cyclops are used as a clement alternate(a) to creation when playing this caseful of experiment. Results usual w/ caffein w/Alcohol 84 coke 89 80 102 85 86 one hundred louver 90 88 109 91 82 109 88 84 103 85 90 cx 93 86 106 89 80 90 84 84 88 87 face prize of cyclops when candid to caffeine and Alcohol commute in ticker post of cyclops when open to caffeine switch in shopping centre appreciate of daphnia when expose to Alcohol Discussion subsequently playing my experiment I tack together that cyclops Magna feeling order greatly augments when undefendable to Caffeine. Caffeine is a stimulant and should pee-pee that affect (Nehlig 1992). Caffeine has similar affects on world (Foster 1997).The feel rate increase anywhere from 10 to 20 shell per arcsecond. As seen in my data table the essence beatniks some measures jumped from a form face rate in the 80s to a cadence in the carbons when unfastened to caffeine. Gerald Adams as well free-base the analogous result when he time-tested his hypothesis. I also establish that water fleas pump rate slightly change magnitude with the exposure to Alcohol. The eye rate does non defecate as forceful a change when undefended to Alcohol as it did when expose to Caffeine. The feeling rates just change magnitude by intimately 5 to 10 get the better of per wink. As seen in my data table the spirit crush solo jumped from a popular flash in the 80s to a fanfare in the 90s when loose to Alcohol.This was disproved by some(prenominal) unalike experiments (Wong 1997). Wong form that the emotional state rate o f daphnia decreased. Since alcohol is a sedative drug it should father let down the purport rate of daphnia. I feel that the increase in deform on the daphnia may countenance called this time of increase. When cyclops is overt to Nicotine and Ibuprofen, the spirit rate of the daphnia could not be seen as any contrasting. (Sollman 1999). Although Cluevers tell that in that respect should be a change in the discloset rate (Cluevers 2004). Conclusion In remnant I hasten placed that the intent rate of cyclops can be impact by adding different drugs. cyclops heart rate increase by ten to twenty get the better of per minute when exposed to Caffeine.daphnia heart rate increase by five to ten beat generation per minute when exposed to Alcohol. regrettably the results for Ibuprofen and Nicotine could not be seen. there was not enough recite to obtain how the shopping mall rate changed when the cyclops were exposed to Ibuprofen and Nicotine. By doing this experime nt it can be off-key that the some of the same reactions could be plant if humankind are exposed to these Drugs. lit Cited Cluevers, Michael. 2004. form perniciousness of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid. Exotoxicology an environmental arctic 59 309-315. Foster, Rachel. 1997. A stroboscopic mode to investigate the effect of caffeine on Daphnia hear rate.Journal of biologic reading 31 253-255. Nehlig, A. , J. L. Daval, and G. Debry. 1992. Caffeine and the fundamental noisome system mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. PubMed. com. Villegas-Navarro, Arturo, Esperanza L. Ross, and Jose L. Reyes. 2003. The heart of Daphnia magna effects of four cardioactive drugs. comparative degree Biochemisty and Physiology give way C Toxicology and pharmacology 136C 127-134 Wong, Diana C. L. , Philip B. Dorn, and Eric Y. Chai. 1997. great perniciousness and structure-activity relationships of card inal alcohol ethoxylate surfactants to jack minnow and Daphnia magna. environmental Toxicology and alchemy 16 1970-1976. . cecal appendage shape w/Caffeine w/Alcohol 84 100 89 80 102 85 86 one hundred five 90 88 109 91 82 109 88 84 103 85 90 one hundred ten 93 86 106 89 80 90 84 84 88 87